There was not a formal declaration for any of them
Posted on: December 5, 2019 at 08:58:50 CT
4TigersinMichigan MU
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Although the Constitution does not speak as to what constitutes a formal declaration so the the lack of that alone cannot necessarily be deemed as having not given authority.
With respect to Afghanistan and the middle east post 9/11, while Congress granted some authority for action, one could certainly argue it was not a formal declaration in line with what the Constitution intended. However, all presidents since then have worked under the belief they had such authority from Congress.